Types of spinal fusion surgery

Which section of the spine is fused depends on where your pain is. Sections of the spine that may be fused include:

• The neck (called cervical fusion)

• The middle back (called thoracic fusion) 

• The low back (called lumbar fusion)

Fusion can be done from the front (anterior), side (lateral), or back (posterior) of the body. Your surgeon will suggest which method is best for you. Bone grafts used in the surgery may be from your bone, cadaver bone, or lab-made materials (biologics). Your surgeon will discuss these options with you. In general, studies are unclear if surgery is a better option than intensive rehabilitation programs. But surgery is often advised when the spinal nerves or spinal cord are severely compressed or the spine is severely misaligned. Your surgeon will discuss your specific case and options.

Before your surgery

You will most likely arrive at the hospital on the morning of the surgery. Be sure to follow all of your healthcare provider’s instructions on preparing for surgery.

• Follow all directions you're given for not eating or drinking before surgery.

• If you take a daily medicine, ask if you should still take it the morning of surgery.

• If you're taking any blood-thinning medicines, tell your provider a few weeks in advance. This includes aspirin, herbal supplements, or anti-inflammatory medicines.

• At the hospital, your temperature, pulse, breathing, and blood pressure will be checked. An IV (intravenous) line will be started to provide fluids and medicines needed during surgery.

Anesthesia

At the start of your surgery, you’ll be given general anesthesia. This medicine will put you into a deep sleep through the surgery. An anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist (CRNA) is in charge of administering the anesthesia and monitoring your condition throughout the surgery. They'll meet with you before the surgery starts to talk to you and answer your questions.

After surgery

After the surgery, you’ll go to the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). You’ll stay there and be closely watched by nurses until you're fully awake and stable. This usually takes a few hours. Then you’ll go to your room. With cervical fusion, you may go home the next day if there's no complication and you can walk on your own. With lumbar fusion, you may stay in the hospital for 2 to 7 days. During that time, nurses and physical therapists will help you get out of bed and walk. If you have drains coming out of your wound, they're usually removed before you leave the hospital.

When to call your healthcare provider

Call your provider right away if you have any of these symptoms during your recovery:

• More pain, redness, or drainage from the incision

• Numbness, tingling, weakness, loss of bowel or bladder control 

• Fever over 100.4°F ( 38°C) or higher, or as advised by your provider

• Signs of a blood clot, which can include swelling, redness, and pain in the calf

• Chest pain or shortness of breath